Ductal Carcinoma In Situ and Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy / 한국유방암학회지

PURPOSE: Axillary lymph node status is the strongest prognostic indicator of survival for women with breast cancer. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is required in patients with an initial diagnosis of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed of 78 patients with an initial diagnosis of DCIS between December 2002 and April 2010 and who proceeded to have either SLNB or axillary node dissection performed as part of their primary surgical procedure. The study focused on the rates of axillary node metastasis and the underestimation of invasive carcinoma at an initial diagnosis. RESULTS: Forty-eight patients underwent SLNB and 18 patients underwent axillary node dissection. Only 1 of 66 patients (1.5%) had a positive sentinel lymph node. After definite surgery, the final diagnosis was changed to invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) in 12 patients and DCIS with microinvasion in 2 patients; 14 of 78 patients (17.9%) were therefore underestimated at preoperative histological examinations. In 35 patients who were diagnosed DCIS by core needle biopsy (CNB), 13 patients (37.1%) were upstaged into IDC or DCIS with microinvasion in the final diagnosis. The statistically significant factors predictive of invasive breast cancer were a large tumor size and HER2 overexpression. CONCLUSION: The rates of SLNB positivity in pure DCIS are very low, and there is continuing uncertainty about its clinical importance. However in view of the high rate of underestimation of invasive carcinoma in patients with an initial diagnosis of DCIS, SLNB appears to be appropriate in these patients, especially in the case when DCIS is diagnosed by a core needle biopsy. In patients with an initial diagnosis of DCIS by CNB, SLNB should be considered as part of the primary surgical procedure, when preoperative variables show a tumor larger than 2.35 cm and with HER2 overexpression.

Protective Effect of Nitroglycerin on the Ischemia-Reperfusion Model of the Isolated Rat Lung / 대한흉부외과학회지

BACKGROUND: Protection against ischemia-reperfusion injury is crucial for successful transplantation of the lung. It has been known that nitric oxide has many favorable effects on the donor lungs but at the same time, has some potential side effects of cytotoxicity. In this regards, we investigated whether the administration of nitroglycerin could decrease ischemia-reperfusion injury in isolated rat lung reperfusion model for the confirmation of the effect of nitroglycerin, a donor of nitric oxide, on lung transplantation. MATERIAL AND METHOD: 35 Sprague-Dawley species male white rats were used for this experiment. For nitroglycerin group (n=18), nitroglycerin was administered intravenously followed by mixed in flushing solution for preservation. As a control group (n=17), we used the same amount of normal saline. To evaluate the effect of nitroglycerin on the lung, heart-lung block was obtained, weighed and stored in University of Wisconsin Solution at 10oC for 24 hours. In each group of the isolated lungs, reperfusion was carried out with Krebs-Hensleit-diluted human blood for 60 minutes. As parameters of the state of the isolated lung, peak inspiratory and pulmonary arterial pressures were continuously recorded. Oxygen and carbon dioxide tension of reperfusing blood were measured before and after 30, 60 minutes of reperfusion. After sixty minutes of reperfusion, protein content in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was measured also for the evaluation of the degree of alveolar flooding. Lung myeloperoxidase activity was determined to verify the accumulation of neutrophils. RESULTS: Although statistically significant differences were not noted in peak inspiratory and pulmonary arterial pressure between control and nitroglycerin group, latter group showed lowering tendency of pulmonary arterial pressure during the entire reperfusion period. Oxygen tension was higher (p<0.05) in nitroglycerin group compared with that of the control group, in contrast, there were no differences in carbon dioxide tension, protein content in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and myeloperoxidase activity between the groups. In the examination of ultrastructural changes, nitroglycerin denoted the protective effect on the pulmonary architecture compared with that of control group. CONCLUSION: Collectively, on the bases of these experimental results, prior treatment of donor lung with nitroglycerin could result in better preservation of the lung. Consequently, these nitroglycerin preserved lungs are thought to be more suitable for successful transplantation of the lung.